| Space hazard | Spacecraft charging |
Single-event effects | Total radiation dose | Surface degradation | Plasma interference with communications |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Specific cause | Surface | Internal | Cosmic rays | Trapped radiation | Solar particle | Trapped radiation | Solar particle | Ion sputtering |
O+ erosion | Scintil- lation |
Wave refraction |
| LEO <60o | |||||||||||
| LEO >60o | |||||||||||
| MEO | |||||||||||
| GPS | |||||||||||
| GTO | |||||||||||
| GEO | |||||||||||
| HEO | |||||||||||
| Inter- planetary |
|||||||||||
| Important | Relevant | Not applicable | |||||
| Space environment hazards for typical orbits. Key: LEO <60o—low Earth orbit, less than 60 degrees inclination; LEO >60o—low Earth orbit, more than 60 degrees inclination; MEO—medium Earth orbit; GPS—Global Positioning System satellite orbit; GTO—geosynchronous transfer orbit; GEO—geosynchronous orbit; HEO—highly elliptical orbit; O+—atomic oxygen. | |||||||